diff --git a/enterprise/integrations/github/github_manager.py b/enterprise/integrations/github/github_manager.py
index de4f45d755..88d31b8850 100644
--- a/enterprise/integrations/github/github_manager.py
+++ b/enterprise/integrations/github/github_manager.py
@@ -200,22 +200,26 @@ class GithubManager(Manager):
             self._add_reaction(github_view, 'eyes', installation_token)
             await self.start_job(github_view)
 
-    async def send_message(self, message: Message, github_view: ResolverViewInterface):
-        installation_token = await self.token_manager.load_org_token(
+    async def send_message(self, message: str, github_view: ResolverViewInterface):
+        """Send a message to GitHub.
+
+        Args:
+            message: The message content to send (plain text string)
+            github_view: The GitHub view object containing issue/PR/comment info
+        """
+        installation_token = self.token_manager.load_org_token(
             github_view.installation_id
         )
         if not installation_token:
             logger.warning('Missing installation token')
             return
 
-        outgoing_message = message.message
-
         if isinstance(github_view, GithubInlinePRComment):
             with Github(auth=Auth.Token(installation_token)) as github_client:
                 repo = github_client.get_repo(github_view.full_repo_name)
                 pr = repo.get_pull(github_view.issue_number)
                 pr.create_review_comment_reply(
-                    comment_id=github_view.comment_id, body=outgoing_message
+                    comment_id=github_view.comment_id, body=message
                 )
 
         elif (
@@ -226,7 +230,7 @@ class GithubManager(Manager):
             with Github(auth=Auth.Token(installation_token)) as github_client:
                 repo = github_client.get_repo(github_view.full_repo_name)
                 issue = repo.get_issue(number=github_view.issue_number)
-                issue.create_comment(outgoing_message)
+                issue.create_comment(message)
 
         else:
             logger.warning('Unsupported location')
@@ -245,7 +249,7 @@ class GithubManager(Manager):
         )
 
         try:
-            msg_info = None
+            msg_info: str = ''
 
             try:
                 user_info = github_view.user_info
@@ -361,15 +365,13 @@ class GithubManager(Manager):
 
                 msg_info = get_session_expired_message(user_info.username)
 
-            msg = self.create_outgoing_message(msg_info)
-            await self.send_message(msg, github_view)
+            await self.send_message(msg_info, github_view)
 
         except Exception:
             logger.exception('[Github]: Error starting job')
-            msg = self.create_outgoing_message(
-                msg='Uh oh! There was an unexpected error starting the job :('
+            await self.send_message(
+                'Uh oh! There was an unexpected error starting the job :(', github_view
             )
-            await self.send_message(msg, github_view)
 
         try:
             await self.data_collector.save_data(github_view)
diff --git a/enterprise/integrations/gitlab/gitlab_manager.py b/enterprise/integrations/gitlab/gitlab_manager.py
index ccc6da3621..9574e7ff44 100644
--- a/enterprise/integrations/gitlab/gitlab_manager.py
+++ b/enterprise/integrations/gitlab/gitlab_manager.py
@@ -121,12 +121,11 @@ class GitlabManager(Manager):
         # Check if the user has write access to the repository
         return has_write_access
 
-    async def send_message(self, message: Message, gitlab_view: ResolverViewInterface):
-        """
-        Send a message to GitLab based on the view type.
+    async def send_message(self, message: str, gitlab_view: ResolverViewInterface):
+        """Send a message to GitLab based on the view type.
 
         Args:
-            message: The message to send
+            message: The message content to send (plain text string)
             gitlab_view: The GitLab view object containing issue/PR/comment info
         """
         keycloak_user_id = gitlab_view.user_info.keycloak_user_id
@@ -138,8 +137,6 @@ class GitlabManager(Manager):
             external_auth_id=keycloak_user_id
         )
 
-        outgoing_message = message.message
-
         if isinstance(gitlab_view, GitlabInlineMRComment) or isinstance(
             gitlab_view, GitlabMRComment
         ):
@@ -147,7 +144,7 @@ class GitlabManager(Manager):
                 gitlab_view.project_id,
                 gitlab_view.issue_number,
                 gitlab_view.discussion_id,
-                message.message,
+                message,
             )
 
         elif isinstance(gitlab_view, GitlabIssueComment):
@@ -155,14 +152,14 @@ class GitlabManager(Manager):
                 gitlab_view.project_id,
                 gitlab_view.issue_number,
                 gitlab_view.discussion_id,
-                outgoing_message,
+                message,
             )
         elif isinstance(gitlab_view, GitlabIssue):
             await gitlab_service.reply_to_issue(
                 gitlab_view.project_id,
                 gitlab_view.issue_number,
                 None,  # no discussion id, issue is tagged
-                outgoing_message,
+                message,
             )
         else:
             logger.warning(
@@ -262,12 +259,10 @@ class GitlabManager(Manager):
                 msg_info = get_session_expired_message(user_info.username)
 
             # Send the acknowledgment message
-            msg = self.create_outgoing_message(msg_info)
-            await self.send_message(msg, gitlab_view)
+            await self.send_message(msg_info, gitlab_view)
 
         except Exception as e:
             logger.exception(f'[GitLab] Error starting job: {str(e)}')
-            msg = self.create_outgoing_message(
-                msg='Uh oh! There was an unexpected error starting the job :('
+            await self.send_message(
+                'Uh oh! There was an unexpected error starting the job :(', gitlab_view
             )
-            await self.send_message(msg, gitlab_view)
diff --git a/enterprise/integrations/jira/jira_manager.py b/enterprise/integrations/jira/jira_manager.py
index dba45e8e80..05e255651c 100644
--- a/enterprise/integrations/jira/jira_manager.py
+++ b/enterprise/integrations/jira/jira_manager.py
@@ -341,17 +341,25 @@ class JiraManager(Manager):
 
     async def send_message(
         self,
-        message: Message,
+        message: str,
         issue_key: str,
         jira_cloud_id: str,
         svc_acc_email: str,
         svc_acc_api_key: str,
     ):
-        """Send a comment to a Jira issue."""
+        """Send a comment to a Jira issue.
+
+        Args:
+            message: The message content to send (plain text string)
+            issue_key: The Jira issue key (e.g., 'PROJ-123')
+            jira_cloud_id: The Jira Cloud ID
+            svc_acc_email: Service account email for authentication
+            svc_acc_api_key: Service account API key for authentication
+        """
         url = (
             f'{JIRA_CLOUD_API_URL}/{jira_cloud_id}/rest/api/2/issue/{issue_key}/comment'
         )
-        data = {'body': message.message}
+        data = {'body': message}
         async with httpx.AsyncClient(verify=httpx_verify_option()) as client:
             response = await client.post(
                 url, auth=(svc_acc_email, svc_acc_api_key), json=data
@@ -366,7 +374,7 @@ class JiraManager(Manager):
                 view.jira_workspace.svc_acc_api_key
             )
             await self.send_message(
-                self.create_outgoing_message(msg=msg),
+                msg,
                 issue_key=view.payload.issue_key,
                 jira_cloud_id=view.jira_workspace.jira_cloud_id,
                 svc_acc_email=view.jira_workspace.svc_acc_email,
@@ -388,7 +396,7 @@ class JiraManager(Manager):
         try:
             api_key = self.token_manager.decrypt_text(workspace.svc_acc_api_key)
             await self.send_message(
-                self.create_outgoing_message(msg=error_msg),
+                error_msg,
                 issue_key=payload.issue_key,
                 jira_cloud_id=workspace.jira_cloud_id,
                 svc_acc_email=workspace.svc_acc_email,
diff --git a/enterprise/integrations/jira_dc/jira_dc_manager.py b/enterprise/integrations/jira_dc/jira_dc_manager.py
index a658a791b3..acbd1dfead 100644
--- a/enterprise/integrations/jira_dc/jira_dc_manager.py
+++ b/enterprise/integrations/jira_dc/jira_dc_manager.py
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ class JiraDcManager(Manager):
                 jira_dc_view.jira_dc_workspace.svc_acc_api_key
             )
             await self.send_message(
-                self.create_outgoing_message(msg=msg_info),
+                msg_info,
                 issue_key=jira_dc_view.job_context.issue_key,
                 base_api_url=jira_dc_view.job_context.base_api_url,
                 svc_acc_api_key=api_key,
@@ -456,12 +456,19 @@ class JiraDcManager(Manager):
         return title, description
 
     async def send_message(
-        self, message: Message, issue_key: str, base_api_url: str, svc_acc_api_key: str
+        self, message: str, issue_key: str, base_api_url: str, svc_acc_api_key: str
     ):
-        """Send message/comment to Jira DC issue."""
+        """Send message/comment to Jira DC issue.
+
+        Args:
+            message: The message content to send (plain text string)
+            issue_key: The Jira issue key (e.g., 'PROJ-123')
+            base_api_url: The base API URL for the Jira DC instance
+            svc_acc_api_key: Service account API key for authentication
+        """
         url = f'{base_api_url}/rest/api/2/issue/{issue_key}/comment'
         headers = {'Authorization': f'Bearer {svc_acc_api_key}'}
-        data = {'body': message.message}
+        data = {'body': message}
         async with httpx.AsyncClient(verify=httpx_verify_option()) as client:
             response = await client.post(url, headers=headers, json=data)
             response.raise_for_status()
@@ -481,7 +488,7 @@ class JiraDcManager(Manager):
         try:
             api_key = self.token_manager.decrypt_text(workspace.svc_acc_api_key)
             await self.send_message(
-                self.create_outgoing_message(msg=error_msg),
+                error_msg,
                 issue_key=job_context.issue_key,
                 base_api_url=job_context.base_api_url,
                 svc_acc_api_key=api_key,
@@ -502,7 +509,7 @@ class JiraDcManager(Manager):
             )
 
             await self.send_message(
-                self.create_outgoing_message(msg=comment_msg),
+                comment_msg,
                 issue_key=jira_dc_view.job_context.issue_key,
                 base_api_url=jira_dc_view.job_context.base_api_url,
                 svc_acc_api_key=api_key,
diff --git a/enterprise/integrations/linear/linear_manager.py b/enterprise/integrations/linear/linear_manager.py
index 9ac7d8ed49..1e78c2bc97 100644
--- a/enterprise/integrations/linear/linear_manager.py
+++ b/enterprise/integrations/linear/linear_manager.py
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ class LinearManager(Manager):
                 linear_view.linear_workspace.svc_acc_api_key
             )
             await self.send_message(
-                self.create_outgoing_message(msg=msg_info),
+                msg_info,
                 linear_view.job_context.issue_id,
                 api_key,
             )
@@ -473,8 +473,14 @@ class LinearManager(Manager):
 
         return title, description
 
-    async def send_message(self, message: Message, issue_id: str, api_key: str):
-        """Send message/comment to Linear issue."""
+    async def send_message(self, message: str, issue_id: str, api_key: str):
+        """Send message/comment to Linear issue.
+
+        Args:
+            message: The message content to send (plain text string)
+            issue_id: The Linear issue ID to comment on
+            api_key: The Linear API key for authentication
+        """
         query = """
             mutation CommentCreate($input: CommentCreateInput!) {
               commentCreate(input: $input) {
@@ -485,7 +491,7 @@ class LinearManager(Manager):
               }
             }
         """
-        variables = {'input': {'issueId': issue_id, 'body': message.message}}
+        variables = {'input': {'issueId': issue_id, 'body': message}}
         return await self._query_api(query, variables, api_key)
 
     async def _send_error_comment(
@@ -498,9 +504,7 @@ class LinearManager(Manager):
 
         try:
             api_key = self.token_manager.decrypt_text(workspace.svc_acc_api_key)
-            await self.send_message(
-                self.create_outgoing_message(msg=error_msg), issue_id, api_key
-            )
+            await self.send_message(error_msg, issue_id, api_key)
         except Exception as e:
             logger.error(f'[Linear] Failed to send error comment: {str(e)}')
 
@@ -517,7 +521,7 @@ class LinearManager(Manager):
             )
 
             await self.send_message(
-                self.create_outgoing_message(msg=comment_msg),
+                comment_msg,
                 linear_view.job_context.issue_id,
                 api_key,
             )
diff --git a/enterprise/integrations/manager.py b/enterprise/integrations/manager.py
index 88f59fff7e..f27804b1e8 100644
--- a/enterprise/integrations/manager.py
+++ b/enterprise/integrations/manager.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import Any
 
 from integrations.models import Message, SourceType
 
@@ -12,14 +13,15 @@ class Manager(ABC):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     @abstractmethod
-    def send_message(self, message: Message):
-        "Send message to integration from Openhands server"
+    def send_message(self, message: str, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any):
+        """Send message to integration from OpenHands server.
+
+        Args:
+            message: The message content to send (plain text string).
+        """
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     @abstractmethod
     def start_job(self):
         "Kick off a job with openhands agent"
         raise NotImplementedError
-
-    def create_outgoing_message(self, msg: str | dict, ephemeral: bool = False):
-        return Message(source=SourceType.OPENHANDS, message=msg, ephemeral=ephemeral)
diff --git a/enterprise/integrations/models.py b/enterprise/integrations/models.py
index b963c9b18f..7df94ef3fd 100644
--- a/enterprise/integrations/models.py
+++ b/enterprise/integrations/models.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 from enum import Enum
+from typing import Any
 
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 
@@ -16,8 +17,16 @@ class SourceType(str, Enum):
 
 
 class Message(BaseModel):
+    """Message model for incoming webhook payloads from integrations.
+
+    Note: This model is intended for INCOMING messages only.
+    For outgoing messages (e.g., sending comments to GitHub/GitLab),
+    pass strings directly to the send_message methods instead of
+    wrapping them in a Message object.
+    """
+
     source: SourceType
-    message: str | dict
+    message: dict[str, Any]
     ephemeral: bool = False
 
 
diff --git a/enterprise/integrations/slack/slack_manager.py b/enterprise/integrations/slack/slack_manager.py
index a72a251b54..9325637178 100644
--- a/enterprise/integrations/slack/slack_manager.py
+++ b/enterprise/integrations/slack/slack_manager.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import re
+from typing import Any
 
 import jwt
 from integrations.manager import Manager
@@ -202,9 +203,7 @@ class SlackManager(Manager):
             msg = self.login_link.format(link)
 
             logger.info('slack_not_yet_authenticated')
-            await self.send_message(
-                self.create_outgoing_message(msg, ephemeral=True), slack_view
-            )
+            await self.send_message(msg, slack_view, ephemeral=True)
             return
 
         if not await self.is_job_requested(message, slack_view):
@@ -212,27 +211,40 @@ class SlackManager(Manager):
 
         await self.start_job(slack_view)
 
-    async def send_message(self, message: Message, slack_view: SlackViewInterface):
+    async def send_message(
+        self,
+        message: str | dict[str, Any],
+        slack_view: SlackViewInterface,
+        ephemeral: bool = False,
+    ):
+        """Send a message to Slack.
+
+        Args:
+            message: The message content. Can be a string (for simple text) or
+                     a dict with 'text' and 'blocks' keys (for structured messages).
+            slack_view: The Slack view object containing channel/thread info.
+            ephemeral: If True, send as an ephemeral message visible only to the user.
+        """
         client = AsyncWebClient(token=slack_view.bot_access_token)
-        if message.ephemeral and isinstance(message.message, str):
+        if ephemeral and isinstance(message, str):
             await client.chat_postEphemeral(
                 channel=slack_view.channel_id,
-                markdown_text=message.message,
+                markdown_text=message,
                 user=slack_view.slack_user_id,
                 thread_ts=slack_view.thread_ts,
             )
-        elif message.ephemeral and isinstance(message.message, dict):
+        elif ephemeral and isinstance(message, dict):
             await client.chat_postEphemeral(
                 channel=slack_view.channel_id,
                 user=slack_view.slack_user_id,
                 thread_ts=slack_view.thread_ts,
-                text=message.message['text'],
-                blocks=message.message['blocks'],
+                text=message['text'],
+                blocks=message['blocks'],
             )
         else:
             await client.chat_postMessage(
                 channel=slack_view.channel_id,
-                markdown_text=message.message,
+                markdown_text=message,
                 thread_ts=slack_view.message_ts,
             )
 
@@ -279,10 +291,7 @@ class SlackManager(Manager):
                     repos, slack_view.message_ts, slack_view.thread_ts
                 ),
             }
-            await self.send_message(
-                self.create_outgoing_message(repo_selection_msg, ephemeral=True),
-                slack_view,
-            )
+            await self.send_message(repo_selection_msg, slack_view, ephemeral=True)
 
             return False
 
@@ -368,9 +377,10 @@ class SlackManager(Manager):
             except StartingConvoException as e:
                 msg_info = str(e)
 
-            await self.send_message(self.create_outgoing_message(msg_info), slack_view)
+            await self.send_message(msg_info, slack_view)
 
         except Exception:
             logger.exception('[Slack]: Error starting job')
-            msg = 'Uh oh! There was an unexpected error starting the job :('
-            await self.send_message(self.create_outgoing_message(msg), slack_view)
+            await self.send_message(
+                'Uh oh! There was an unexpected error starting the job :(', slack_view
+            )
diff --git a/enterprise/server/conversation_callback_processor/github_callback_processor.py b/enterprise/server/conversation_callback_processor/github_callback_processor.py
index f87118f1ea..41e42b530a 100644
--- a/enterprise/server/conversation_callback_processor/github_callback_processor.py
+++ b/enterprise/server/conversation_callback_processor/github_callback_processor.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ from datetime import datetime
 
 from integrations.github.github_manager import GithubManager
 from integrations.github.github_view import GithubViewType
-from integrations.models import Message, SourceType
 from integrations.utils import (
     extract_summary_from_conversation_manager,
     get_summary_instruction,
@@ -35,16 +34,12 @@ class GithubCallbackProcessor(ConversationCallbackProcessor):
     send_summary_instruction: bool = True
 
     async def _send_message_to_github(self, message: str) -> None:
-        """
-        Send a message to GitHub.
+        """Send a message to GitHub.
 
         Args:
             message: The message content to send to GitHub
         """
         try:
-            # Create a message object for GitHub
-            message_obj = Message(source=SourceType.OPENHANDS, message=message)
-
             # Get the token manager
             token_manager = TokenManager()
 
@@ -53,8 +48,8 @@ class GithubCallbackProcessor(ConversationCallbackProcessor):
 
             github_manager = GithubManager(token_manager, GitHubDataCollector())
 
-            # Send the message
-            await github_manager.send_message(message_obj, self.github_view)
+            # Send the message directly as a string
+            await github_manager.send_message(message, self.github_view)
 
             logger.info(
                 f'[GitHub] Sent summary message to {self.github_view.full_repo_name}#{self.github_view.issue_number}'
diff --git a/enterprise/server/conversation_callback_processor/gitlab_callback_processor.py b/enterprise/server/conversation_callback_processor/gitlab_callback_processor.py
index d71c818fe1..acefaeccff 100644
--- a/enterprise/server/conversation_callback_processor/gitlab_callback_processor.py
+++ b/enterprise/server/conversation_callback_processor/gitlab_callback_processor.py
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ from datetime import datetime
 
 from integrations.gitlab.gitlab_manager import GitlabManager
 from integrations.gitlab.gitlab_view import GitlabViewType
-from integrations.models import Message, SourceType
 from integrations.utils import (
     extract_summary_from_conversation_manager,
     get_summary_instruction,
@@ -28,8 +27,7 @@ gitlab_manager = GitlabManager(token_manager)
 
 
 class GitlabCallbackProcessor(ConversationCallbackProcessor):
-    """
-    Processor for sending conversation summaries to GitLab.
+    """Processor for sending conversation summaries to GitLab.
 
     This processor is used to send summaries of conversations to GitLab
     when agent state changes occur.
@@ -39,22 +37,18 @@ class GitlabCallbackProcessor(ConversationCallbackProcessor):
     send_summary_instruction: bool = True
 
     async def _send_message_to_gitlab(self, message: str) -> None:
-        """
-        Send a message to GitLab.
+        """Send a message to GitLab.
 
         Args:
             message: The message content to send to GitLab
         """
         try:
-            # Create a message object for GitHub
-            message_obj = Message(source=SourceType.OPENHANDS, message=message)
-
             # Get the token manager
             token_manager = TokenManager()
             gitlab_manager = GitlabManager(token_manager)
 
-            # Send the message
-            await gitlab_manager.send_message(message_obj, self.gitlab_view)
+            # Send the message directly as a string
+            await gitlab_manager.send_message(message, self.gitlab_view)
 
             logger.info(
                 f'[GitLab] Sent summary message to {self.gitlab_view.full_repo_name}#{self.gitlab_view.issue_number}'
diff --git a/enterprise/server/conversation_callback_processor/jira_callback_processor.py b/enterprise/server/conversation_callback_processor/jira_callback_processor.py
index 2e056b4ef6..987e04970a 100644
--- a/enterprise/server/conversation_callback_processor/jira_callback_processor.py
+++ b/enterprise/server/conversation_callback_processor/jira_callback_processor.py
@@ -37,8 +37,7 @@ class JiraCallbackProcessor(ConversationCallbackProcessor):
     workspace_name: str
 
     async def _send_comment_to_jira(self, message: str) -> None:
-        """
-        Send a comment to Jira issue.
+        """Send a comment to Jira issue.
 
         Args:
             message: The message content to send to Jira
@@ -59,8 +58,9 @@ class JiraCallbackProcessor(ConversationCallbackProcessor):
             # Decrypt API key
             api_key = jira_manager.token_manager.decrypt_text(workspace.svc_acc_api_key)
 
+            # Send comment directly as a string
             await jira_manager.send_message(
-                jira_manager.create_outgoing_message(msg=message),
+                message,
                 issue_key=self.issue_key,
                 jira_cloud_id=workspace.jira_cloud_id,
                 svc_acc_email=workspace.svc_acc_email,
diff --git a/enterprise/server/conversation_callback_processor/jira_dc_callback_processor.py b/enterprise/server/conversation_callback_processor/jira_dc_callback_processor.py
index b5a7ba27fd..15c485a52a 100644
--- a/enterprise/server/conversation_callback_processor/jira_dc_callback_processor.py
+++ b/enterprise/server/conversation_callback_processor/jira_dc_callback_processor.py
@@ -37,8 +37,7 @@ class JiraDcCallbackProcessor(ConversationCallbackProcessor):
     base_api_url: str
 
     async def _send_comment_to_jira_dc(self, message: str) -> None:
-        """
-        Send a comment to Jira DC issue.
+        """Send a comment to Jira DC issue.
 
         Args:
             message: The message content to send to Jira DC
@@ -61,8 +60,9 @@ class JiraDcCallbackProcessor(ConversationCallbackProcessor):
                 workspace.svc_acc_api_key
             )
 
+            # Send comment directly as a string
             await jira_dc_manager.send_message(
-                jira_dc_manager.create_outgoing_message(msg=message),
+                message,
                 issue_key=self.issue_key,
                 base_api_url=self.base_api_url,
                 svc_acc_api_key=api_key,
diff --git a/enterprise/server/conversation_callback_processor/linear_callback_processor.py b/enterprise/server/conversation_callback_processor/linear_callback_processor.py
index 09caf14fbd..c617ce32f4 100644
--- a/enterprise/server/conversation_callback_processor/linear_callback_processor.py
+++ b/enterprise/server/conversation_callback_processor/linear_callback_processor.py
@@ -36,8 +36,7 @@ class LinearCallbackProcessor(ConversationCallbackProcessor):
     workspace_name: str
 
     async def _send_comment_to_linear(self, message: str) -> None:
-        """
-        Send a comment to Linear issue.
+        """Send a comment to Linear issue.
 
         Args:
             message: The message content to send to Linear
@@ -60,9 +59,9 @@ class LinearCallbackProcessor(ConversationCallbackProcessor):
                 workspace.svc_acc_api_key
             )
 
-            # Send comment
+            # Send comment directly as a string
             await linear_manager.send_message(
-                linear_manager.create_outgoing_message(msg=message),
+                message,
                 self.issue_id,
                 api_key,
             )
diff --git a/enterprise/server/conversation_callback_processor/slack_callback_processor.py b/enterprise/server/conversation_callback_processor/slack_callback_processor.py
index 1f922fd7bd..d29a39e9a6 100644
--- a/enterprise/server/conversation_callback_processor/slack_callback_processor.py
+++ b/enterprise/server/conversation_callback_processor/slack_callback_processor.py
@@ -26,8 +26,7 @@ slack_manager = SlackManager(token_manager)
 
 
 class SlackCallbackProcessor(ConversationCallbackProcessor):
-    """
-    Processor for sending conversation summaries to Slack.
+    """Processor for sending conversation summaries to Slack.
 
     This processor is used to send summaries of conversations to Slack channels
     when agent state changes occur.
@@ -41,14 +40,13 @@ class SlackCallbackProcessor(ConversationCallbackProcessor):
     last_user_msg_id: int | None = None
 
     async def _send_message_to_slack(self, message: str) -> None:
-        """
-        Send a message to Slack using the conversation_manager's send_to_event_stream method.
+        """Send a message to Slack.
 
         Args:
             message: The message content to send to Slack
         """
         try:
-            # Create a message object for Slack
+            # Create a message object for Slack view creation (incoming message format)
             message_obj = Message(
                 source=SourceType.SLACK,
                 message={
@@ -67,9 +65,8 @@ class SlackCallbackProcessor(ConversationCallbackProcessor):
             slack_view = SlackFactory.create_slack_view_from_payload(
                 message_obj, slack_user, saas_user_auth
             )
-            await slack_manager.send_message(
-                slack_manager.create_outgoing_message(message), slack_view
-            )
+            # Send the message directly as a string
+            await slack_manager.send_message(message, slack_view)
 
             logger.info(
                 f'[Slack] Sent summary message to channel {self.channel_id} '
diff --git a/enterprise/tests/unit/integrations/jira/test_jira_manager.py b/enterprise/tests/unit/integrations/jira/test_jira_manager.py
index ec128a0481..8a4d5015b6 100644
--- a/enterprise/tests/unit/integrations/jira/test_jira_manager.py
+++ b/enterprise/tests/unit/integrations/jira/test_jira_manager.py
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock, patch
 import pytest
 from integrations.jira.jira_manager import JiraManager
 from integrations.jira.jira_payload import JiraEventType, JiraWebhookPayload
-from integrations.models import Message, SourceType
 
 from openhands.server.types import (
     LLMAuthenticationError,
@@ -274,9 +273,8 @@ class TestSendMessage:
                 return_value=mock_response
             )
 
-            message = Message(source=SourceType.JIRA, message='Test message')
             result = await jira_manager.send_message(
-                message,
+                'Test message',
                 'PROJ-123',
                 'cloud-123',
                 'service@test.com',
diff --git a/enterprise/tests/unit/integrations/jira_dc/test_jira_dc_manager.py b/enterprise/tests/unit/integrations/jira_dc/test_jira_dc_manager.py
index 9efbc55c04..e4c5025165 100644
--- a/enterprise/tests/unit/integrations/jira_dc/test_jira_dc_manager.py
+++ b/enterprise/tests/unit/integrations/jira_dc/test_jira_dc_manager.py
@@ -738,7 +738,7 @@ class TestStartJob:
         # Should send error message about re-login
         jira_dc_manager.send_message.assert_called_once()
         call_args = jira_dc_manager.send_message.call_args[0]
-        assert 'Please re-login' in call_args[0].message
+        assert 'Please re-login' in call_args[0]
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_start_job_llm_authentication_error(
@@ -763,7 +763,7 @@ class TestStartJob:
         # Should send error message about LLM API key
         jira_dc_manager.send_message.assert_called_once()
         call_args = jira_dc_manager.send_message.call_args[0]
-        assert 'valid LLM API key' in call_args[0].message
+        assert 'valid LLM API key' in call_args[0]
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_start_job_session_expired_error(
@@ -788,8 +788,8 @@ class TestStartJob:
         # Should send error message about session expired
         jira_dc_manager.send_message.assert_called_once()
         call_args = jira_dc_manager.send_message.call_args[0]
-        assert 'session has expired' in call_args[0].message
-        assert 'login again' in call_args[0].message
+        assert 'session has expired' in call_args[0]
+        assert 'login again' in call_args[0]
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_start_job_unexpected_error(
@@ -814,7 +814,7 @@ class TestStartJob:
         # Should send generic error message
         jira_dc_manager.send_message.assert_called_once()
         call_args = jira_dc_manager.send_message.call_args[0]
-        assert 'unexpected error' in call_args[0].message
+        assert 'unexpected error' in call_args[0]
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_start_job_send_message_fails(
@@ -943,9 +943,8 @@ class TestSendMessage:
                 return_value=mock_response
             )
 
-            message = Message(source=SourceType.JIRA_DC, message='Test message')
             result = await jira_dc_manager.send_message(
-                message, 'PROJ-123', 'https://jira.company.com', 'bearer_token'
+                'Test message', 'PROJ-123', 'https://jira.company.com', 'bearer_token'
             )
 
             assert result == {'id': 'comment_id'}
@@ -1014,7 +1013,7 @@ class TestSendRepoSelectionComment:
 
         jira_dc_manager.send_message.assert_called_once()
         call_args = jira_dc_manager.send_message.call_args[0]
-        assert 'which repository to work with' in call_args[0].message
+        assert 'which repository to work with' in call_args[0]
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_send_repo_selection_comment_send_fails(
diff --git a/enterprise/tests/unit/integrations/linear/test_linear_manager.py b/enterprise/tests/unit/integrations/linear/test_linear_manager.py
index ac48fe8014..c10fd7c507 100644
--- a/enterprise/tests/unit/integrations/linear/test_linear_manager.py
+++ b/enterprise/tests/unit/integrations/linear/test_linear_manager.py
@@ -802,7 +802,7 @@ class TestStartJob:
         # Should send error message about re-login
         linear_manager.send_message.assert_called_once()
         call_args = linear_manager.send_message.call_args[0]
-        assert 'Please re-login' in call_args[0].message
+        assert 'Please re-login' in call_args[0]
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_start_job_llm_authentication_error(
@@ -828,7 +828,7 @@ class TestStartJob:
         # Should send error message about LLM API key
         linear_manager.send_message.assert_called_once()
         call_args = linear_manager.send_message.call_args[0]
-        assert 'valid LLM API key' in call_args[0].message
+        assert 'valid LLM API key' in call_args[0]
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_start_job_session_expired_error(
@@ -854,8 +854,8 @@ class TestStartJob:
         # Should send error message about session expired
         linear_manager.send_message.assert_called_once()
         call_args = linear_manager.send_message.call_args[0]
-        assert 'session has expired' in call_args[0].message
-        assert 'login again' in call_args[0].message
+        assert 'session has expired' in call_args[0]
+        assert 'login again' in call_args[0]
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_start_job_unexpected_error(
@@ -881,7 +881,7 @@ class TestStartJob:
         # Should send generic error message
         linear_manager.send_message.assert_called_once()
         call_args = linear_manager.send_message.call_args[0]
-        assert 'unexpected error' in call_args[0].message
+        assert 'unexpected error' in call_args[0]
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_start_job_send_message_fails(
@@ -1049,8 +1049,9 @@ class TestSendMessage:
 
         linear_manager._query_api = AsyncMock(return_value=mock_response)
 
-        message = Message(source=SourceType.LINEAR, message='Test message')
-        result = await linear_manager.send_message(message, 'issue_id', 'api_key')
+        result = await linear_manager.send_message(
+            'Test message', 'issue_id', 'api_key'
+        )
 
         assert result == mock_response
         linear_manager._query_api.assert_called_once()
@@ -1114,7 +1115,7 @@ class TestSendRepoSelectionComment:
 
         linear_manager.send_message.assert_called_once()
         call_args = linear_manager.send_message.call_args[0]
-        assert 'which repository to work with' in call_args[0].message
+        assert 'which repository to work with' in call_args[0]
 
     @pytest.mark.asyncio
     async def test_send_repo_selection_comment_send_fails(
diff --git a/enterprise/tests/unit/server/conversation_callback_processor/test_jira_callback_processor.py b/enterprise/tests/unit/server/conversation_callback_processor/test_jira_callback_processor.py
index e1515e2285..ea635334e1 100644
--- a/enterprise/tests/unit/server/conversation_callback_processor/test_jira_callback_processor.py
+++ b/enterprise/tests/unit/server/conversation_callback_processor/test_jira_callback_processor.py
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ async def test_send_comment_to_jira_success(mock_jira_manager, processor):
     )
     mock_jira_manager.token_manager.decrypt_text.return_value = 'decrypted_key'
     mock_jira_manager.send_message = AsyncMock()
-    mock_jira_manager.create_outgoing_message.return_value = MagicMock()
 
     # Action
     await processor._send_comment_to_jira('This is a summary.')
@@ -130,7 +129,6 @@ async def test_call_sends_summary_to_jira(
         return_value=mock_workspace
     )
     mock_jira_manager.send_message = AsyncMock()
-    mock_jira_manager.create_outgoing_message.return_value = MagicMock()
 
     with patch(
         'server.conversation_callback_processor.jira_callback_processor.asyncio.create_task'
@@ -200,7 +198,6 @@ async def test_send_comment_to_jira_api_error(mock_jira_manager, processor):
     )
     mock_jira_manager.token_manager.decrypt_text.return_value = 'decrypted_key'
     mock_jira_manager.send_message = AsyncMock(side_effect=Exception('API Error'))
-    mock_jira_manager.create_outgoing_message.return_value = MagicMock()
 
     # Action - should not raise exception, but handle it gracefully
     await processor._send_comment_to_jira('This is a summary.')
@@ -328,18 +325,15 @@ async def test_send_comment_to_jira_message_construction(mock_jira_manager, proc
     )
     mock_jira_manager.token_manager.decrypt_text.return_value = 'decrypted_key'
     mock_jira_manager.send_message = AsyncMock()
-    mock_outgoing_message = MagicMock()
-    mock_jira_manager.create_outgoing_message.return_value = mock_outgoing_message
 
     test_message = 'This is a test summary message.'
 
     # Action
     await processor._send_comment_to_jira(test_message)
 
-    # Assert
-    mock_jira_manager.create_outgoing_message.assert_called_once_with(msg=test_message)
+    # Assert - send_message now receives the string directly
     mock_jira_manager.send_message.assert_called_once_with(
-        mock_outgoing_message,
+        test_message,
         issue_key='TEST-123',
         jira_cloud_id='cloud123',
         svc_acc_email='service@test.com',
@@ -386,7 +380,6 @@ async def test_call_creates_background_task_for_sending(
         return_value=mock_workspace
     )
     mock_jira_manager.send_message = AsyncMock()
-    mock_jira_manager.create_outgoing_message.return_value = MagicMock()
 
     with patch(
         'server.conversation_callback_processor.jira_callback_processor.asyncio.create_task'
diff --git a/enterprise/tests/unit/server/conversation_callback_processor/test_jira_dc_callback_processor.py b/enterprise/tests/unit/server/conversation_callback_processor/test_jira_dc_callback_processor.py
index ac18a519ef..6e5e490c68 100644
--- a/enterprise/tests/unit/server/conversation_callback_processor/test_jira_dc_callback_processor.py
+++ b/enterprise/tests/unit/server/conversation_callback_processor/test_jira_dc_callback_processor.py
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ async def test_send_comment_to_jira_dc_success(mock_jira_dc_manager, processor):
     )
     mock_jira_dc_manager.token_manager.decrypt_text.return_value = 'decrypted_key'
     mock_jira_dc_manager.send_message = AsyncMock()
-    mock_jira_dc_manager.create_outgoing_message.return_value = MagicMock()
 
     # Action
     await processor._send_comment_to_jira_dc('This is a summary.')
@@ -125,7 +124,6 @@ async def test_call_sends_summary_to_jira_dc(
         return_value=mock_workspace
     )
     mock_jira_dc_manager.send_message = AsyncMock()
-    mock_jira_dc_manager.create_outgoing_message.return_value = MagicMock()
 
     with patch(
         'server.conversation_callback_processor.jira_dc_callback_processor.asyncio.create_task'
@@ -200,7 +198,6 @@ async def test_send_comment_to_jira_dc_api_error(mock_jira_dc_manager, processor
     )
     mock_jira_dc_manager.token_manager.decrypt_text.return_value = 'decrypted_key'
     mock_jira_dc_manager.send_message = AsyncMock(side_effect=Exception('API Error'))
-    mock_jira_dc_manager.create_outgoing_message.return_value = MagicMock()
 
     # Action - should not raise exception, but handle it gracefully
     await processor._send_comment_to_jira_dc('This is a summary.')
@@ -328,20 +325,15 @@ async def test_send_comment_to_jira_dc_message_construction(
     )
     mock_jira_dc_manager.token_manager.decrypt_text.return_value = 'decrypted_key'
     mock_jira_dc_manager.send_message = AsyncMock()
-    mock_outgoing_message = MagicMock()
-    mock_jira_dc_manager.create_outgoing_message.return_value = mock_outgoing_message
 
     test_message = 'This is a test summary message.'
 
     # Action
     await processor._send_comment_to_jira_dc(test_message)
 
-    # Assert
-    mock_jira_dc_manager.create_outgoing_message.assert_called_once_with(
-        msg=test_message
-    )
+    # Assert - send_message now receives the string directly
     mock_jira_dc_manager.send_message.assert_called_once_with(
-        mock_outgoing_message,
+        test_message,
         issue_key='TEST-123',
         base_api_url='https://test-jira-dc.company.com',
         svc_acc_api_key='decrypted_key',
@@ -384,7 +376,6 @@ async def test_call_creates_background_task_for_sending(
         return_value=mock_workspace
     )
     mock_jira_dc_manager.send_message = AsyncMock()
-    mock_jira_dc_manager.create_outgoing_message.return_value = MagicMock()
 
     with patch(
         'server.conversation_callback_processor.jira_dc_callback_processor.asyncio.create_task'
diff --git a/enterprise/tests/unit/server/conversation_callback_processor/test_linear_callback_processor.py b/enterprise/tests/unit/server/conversation_callback_processor/test_linear_callback_processor.py
index be5f90bc7f..513b15aa07 100644
--- a/enterprise/tests/unit/server/conversation_callback_processor/test_linear_callback_processor.py
+++ b/enterprise/tests/unit/server/conversation_callback_processor/test_linear_callback_processor.py
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ async def test_send_comment_to_linear_success(mock_linear_manager, processor):
     )
     mock_linear_manager.token_manager.decrypt_text.return_value = 'decrypted_key'
     mock_linear_manager.send_message = AsyncMock()
-    mock_linear_manager.create_outgoing_message.return_value = MagicMock()
 
     # Action
     await processor._send_comment_to_linear('This is a summary.')
@@ -125,7 +124,6 @@ async def test_call_sends_summary_to_linear(
         return_value=mock_workspace
     )
     mock_linear_manager.send_message = AsyncMock()
-    mock_linear_manager.create_outgoing_message.return_value = MagicMock()
 
     with patch(
         'server.conversation_callback_processor.linear_callback_processor.asyncio.create_task'
@@ -200,7 +198,6 @@ async def test_send_comment_to_linear_api_error(mock_linear_manager, processor):
     )
     mock_linear_manager.token_manager.decrypt_text.return_value = 'decrypted_key'
     mock_linear_manager.send_message = AsyncMock(side_effect=Exception('API Error'))
-    mock_linear_manager.create_outgoing_message.return_value = MagicMock()
 
     # Action - should not raise exception, but handle it gracefully
     await processor._send_comment_to_linear('This is a summary.')
@@ -328,20 +325,15 @@ async def test_send_comment_to_linear_message_construction(
     )
     mock_linear_manager.token_manager.decrypt_text.return_value = 'decrypted_key'
     mock_linear_manager.send_message = AsyncMock()
-    mock_outgoing_message = MagicMock()
-    mock_linear_manager.create_outgoing_message.return_value = mock_outgoing_message
 
     test_message = 'This is a test summary message.'
 
     # Action
     await processor._send_comment_to_linear(test_message)
 
-    # Assert
-    mock_linear_manager.create_outgoing_message.assert_called_once_with(
-        msg=test_message
-    )
+    # Assert - send_message now receives the string directly
     mock_linear_manager.send_message.assert_called_once_with(
-        mock_outgoing_message,
+        test_message,
         'TEST-123',  # issue_id
         'decrypted_key',  # api_key
     )
@@ -383,7 +375,6 @@ async def test_call_creates_background_task_for_sending(
         return_value=mock_workspace
     )
     mock_linear_manager.send_message = AsyncMock()
-    mock_linear_manager.create_outgoing_message.return_value = MagicMock()
 
     with patch(
         'server.conversation_callback_processor.linear_callback_processor.asyncio.create_task'
diff --git a/enterprise/tests/unit/test_slack_callback_processor.py b/enterprise/tests/unit/test_slack_callback_processor.py
index 7e0e4b0636..79475d4f2a 100644
--- a/enterprise/tests/unit/test_slack_callback_processor.py
+++ b/enterprise/tests/unit/test_slack_callback_processor.py
@@ -234,7 +234,6 @@ class TestSlackCallbackProcessor:
         mock_slack_user = MagicMock()
         mock_saas_user_auth = MagicMock()
         mock_slack_view = MagicMock()
-        mock_outgoing_message = MagicMock()
 
         # Mock the authenticate_user method on slack_manager
         mock_slack_manager.authenticate_user = AsyncMock(
@@ -248,9 +247,6 @@ class TestSlackCallbackProcessor:
             mock_slack_factory.create_slack_view_from_payload.return_value = (
                 mock_slack_view
             )
-            mock_slack_manager.create_outgoing_message.return_value = (
-                mock_outgoing_message
-            )
             mock_slack_manager.send_message = AsyncMock()
 
             # Call the method
@@ -283,12 +279,9 @@ class TestSlackCallbackProcessor:
             )
             assert message_call.message['team_id'] == slack_callback_processor.team_id
 
-            # Verify the slack manager methods were called correctly
-            mock_slack_manager.create_outgoing_message.assert_called_once_with(
-                'Test message'
-            )
+            # Verify send_message was called with the string directly
             mock_slack_manager.send_message.assert_called_once_with(
-                mock_outgoing_message, mock_slack_view
+                'Test message', mock_slack_view
             )
 
     @patch('server.conversation_callback_processor.slack_callback_processor.logger')