diff --git a/openhands/runtime/impl/docker/docker_runtime.py b/openhands/runtime/impl/docker/docker_runtime.py
index 03dfb7b949..29230693cc 100644
--- a/openhands/runtime/impl/docker/docker_runtime.py
+++ b/openhands/runtime/impl/docker/docker_runtime.py
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ from openhands.runtime.utils.command import (
     get_action_execution_server_startup_command,
 )
 from openhands.runtime.utils.log_streamer import LogStreamer
+from openhands.runtime.utils.port_lock import PortLock, find_available_port_with_lock
 from openhands.runtime.utils.runtime_build import build_runtime_image
 from openhands.utils.async_utils import call_sync_from_async
 from openhands.utils.shutdown_listener import add_shutdown_listener
@@ -104,6 +105,11 @@ class DockerRuntime(ActionExecutionClient):
         self._vscode_port = -1
         self._app_ports: list[int] = []
 
+        # Port locks to prevent race conditions
+        self._host_port_lock: PortLock | None = None
+        self._vscode_port_lock: PortLock | None = None
+        self._app_port_locks: list[PortLock] = []
+
         if os.environ.get('DOCKER_HOST_ADDR'):
             logger.info(
                 f'Using DOCKER_HOST_IP: {os.environ["DOCKER_HOST_ADDR"]} for local_runtime_url'
@@ -276,17 +282,31 @@ class DockerRuntime(ActionExecutionClient):
     def init_container(self) -> None:
         self.log('debug', 'Preparing to start container...')
         self.set_runtime_status(RuntimeStatus.STARTING_RUNTIME)
-        self._host_port = self._find_available_port(EXECUTION_SERVER_PORT_RANGE)
-        self._container_port = self._host_port
-        # Use the configured vscode_port if provided, otherwise find an available port
-        self._vscode_port = (
-            self.config.sandbox.vscode_port
-            or self._find_available_port(VSCODE_PORT_RANGE)
+
+        # Allocate host port with locking to prevent race conditions
+        self._host_port, self._host_port_lock = self._find_available_port_with_lock(
+            EXECUTION_SERVER_PORT_RANGE
         )
-        self._app_ports = [
-            self._find_available_port(APP_PORT_RANGE_1),
-            self._find_available_port(APP_PORT_RANGE_2),
+        self._container_port = self._host_port
+
+        # Use the configured vscode_port if provided, otherwise find an available port
+        if self.config.sandbox.vscode_port:
+            self._vscode_port = self.config.sandbox.vscode_port
+            self._vscode_port_lock = None  # No lock needed for configured port
+        else:
+            self._vscode_port, self._vscode_port_lock = (
+                self._find_available_port_with_lock(VSCODE_PORT_RANGE)
+            )
+
+        # Allocate app ports with locking
+        app_port_1, app_lock_1 = self._find_available_port_with_lock(APP_PORT_RANGE_1)
+        app_port_2, app_lock_2 = self._find_available_port_with_lock(APP_PORT_RANGE_2)
+
+        self._app_ports = [app_port_1, app_port_2]
+        self._app_port_locks = [
+            lock for lock in [app_lock_1, app_lock_2] if lock is not None
         ]
+
         self.api_url = f'{self.config.sandbox.local_runtime_url}:{self._container_port}'
 
         use_host_network = self.config.sandbox.use_host_network
@@ -476,6 +496,28 @@ class DockerRuntime(ActionExecutionClient):
             CONTAINER_NAME_PREFIX if rm_all_containers else self.container_name
         )
         stop_all_containers(close_prefix)
+        self._release_port_locks()
+
+    def _release_port_locks(self) -> None:
+        """Release all acquired port locks."""
+        if self._host_port_lock:
+            self._host_port_lock.release()
+            self._host_port_lock = None
+            logger.debug(f'Released host port lock for port {self._host_port}')
+
+        if self._vscode_port_lock:
+            self._vscode_port_lock.release()
+            self._vscode_port_lock = None
+            logger.debug(f'Released VSCode port lock for port {self._vscode_port}')
+
+        for i, lock in enumerate(self._app_port_locks):
+            if lock:
+                lock.release()
+                logger.debug(
+                    f'Released app port lock for port {self._app_ports[i] if i < len(self._app_ports) else "unknown"}'
+                )
+
+        self._app_port_locks.clear()
 
     def _is_port_in_use_docker(self, port: int) -> bool:
         containers = self.docker_client.containers.list()
@@ -485,15 +527,58 @@ class DockerRuntime(ActionExecutionClient):
                 return True
         return False
 
+    def _find_available_port_with_lock(
+        self, port_range: tuple[int, int], max_attempts: int = 5
+    ) -> tuple[int, PortLock | None]:
+        """Find an available port with race condition protection.
+
+        This method uses file-based locking to prevent multiple workers
+        from allocating the same port simultaneously.
+
+        Args:
+            port_range: Tuple of (min_port, max_port)
+            max_attempts: Maximum number of attempts to find a port
+
+        Returns:
+            Tuple of (port_number, port_lock) where port_lock may be None if locking failed
+        """
+        # Try to find and lock an available port
+        result = find_available_port_with_lock(
+            min_port=port_range[0],
+            max_port=port_range[1],
+            max_attempts=max_attempts,
+            bind_address='0.0.0.0',
+            lock_timeout=1.0,
+        )
+
+        if result is None:
+            # Fallback to original method if port locking fails
+            logger.warning(
+                f'Port locking failed for range {port_range}, falling back to original method'
+            )
+            port = port_range[1]
+            for _ in range(max_attempts):
+                port = find_available_tcp_port(port_range[0], port_range[1])
+                if not self._is_port_in_use_docker(port):
+                    return port, None
+            return port, None
+
+        port, port_lock = result
+
+        # Additional check with Docker to ensure port is not in use
+        if self._is_port_in_use_docker(port):
+            port_lock.release()
+            # Try again with a different port
+            logger.debug(f'Port {port} is in use by Docker, trying again')
+            return self._find_available_port_with_lock(port_range, max_attempts - 1)
+
+        return port, port_lock
+
     def _find_available_port(
         self, port_range: tuple[int, int], max_attempts: int = 5
     ) -> int:
-        port = port_range[1]
-        for _ in range(max_attempts):
-            port = find_available_tcp_port(port_range[0], port_range[1])
-            if not self._is_port_in_use_docker(port):
-                return port
-        # If no port is found after max_attempts, return the last tried port
+        """Find an available port (legacy method for backward compatibility)."""
+        port, _ = self._find_available_port_with_lock(port_range, max_attempts)
         return port
 
     @property
diff --git a/openhands/runtime/utils/port_lock.py b/openhands/runtime/utils/port_lock.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ea784451c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/openhands/runtime/utils/port_lock.py
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+"""File-based port locking system for preventing race conditions in port allocation."""
+
+import os
+import random
+import socket
+import tempfile
+import time
+from typing import Optional
+
+from openhands.core.logger import openhands_logger as logger
+
+# Import fcntl only on Unix systems
+try:
+    import fcntl
+
+    HAS_FCNTL = True
+except ImportError:
+    HAS_FCNTL = False
+
+
+class PortLock:
+    """File-based lock for a specific port to prevent race conditions."""
+
+    def __init__(self, port: int, lock_dir: Optional[str] = None):
+        self.port = port
+        self.lock_dir = lock_dir or os.path.join(
+            tempfile.gettempdir(), 'openhands_port_locks'
+        )
+        self.lock_file_path = os.path.join(self.lock_dir, f'port_{port}.lock')
+        self.lock_fd: Optional[int] = None
+        self._locked = False
+
+        # Ensure lock directory exists
+        os.makedirs(self.lock_dir, exist_ok=True)
+
+    def acquire(self, timeout: float = 1.0) -> bool:
+        """Acquire the lock for this port.
+
+        Args:
+            timeout: Maximum time to wait for the lock
+
+        Returns:
+            True if lock was acquired, False otherwise
+        """
+        if self._locked:
+            return True
+
+        try:
+            if HAS_FCNTL:
+                # Unix-style file locking with fcntl
+                self.lock_fd = os.open(
+                    self.lock_file_path, os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY | os.O_TRUNC
+                )
+
+                # Try to acquire exclusive lock with timeout
+                start_time = time.time()
+                while time.time() - start_time < timeout:
+                    try:
+                        fcntl.flock(self.lock_fd, fcntl.LOCK_EX | fcntl.LOCK_NB)
+                        self._locked = True
+
+                        # Write port number to lock file for debugging
+                        os.write(self.lock_fd, f'{self.port}\n'.encode())
+                        os.fsync(self.lock_fd)
+
+                        logger.debug(f'Acquired lock for port {self.port}')
+                        return True
+                    except (OSError, IOError):
+                        # Lock is held by another process, wait a bit
+                        time.sleep(0.01)
+
+                # Timeout reached
+                if self.lock_fd:
+                    os.close(self.lock_fd)
+                    self.lock_fd = None
+                return False
+            else:
+                # Windows fallback: use atomic file creation
+                start_time = time.time()
+                while time.time() - start_time < timeout:
+                    try:
+                        # Try to create lock file exclusively
+                        self.lock_fd = os.open(
+                            self.lock_file_path, os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL | os.O_WRONLY
+                        )
+                        self._locked = True
+
+                        # Write port number to lock file for debugging
+                        os.write(self.lock_fd, f'{self.port}\n'.encode())
+                        os.fsync(self.lock_fd)
+
+                        logger.debug(f'Acquired lock for port {self.port}')
+                        return True
+                    except OSError:
+                        # Lock file already exists, wait a bit
+                        time.sleep(0.01)
+
+                # Timeout reached
+                return False
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.debug(f'Failed to acquire lock for port {self.port}: {e}')
+            if self.lock_fd:
+                try:
+                    os.close(self.lock_fd)
+                except OSError:
+                    pass
+                self.lock_fd = None
+            return False
+
+    def release(self) -> None:
+        """Release the lock."""
+        if self.lock_fd is not None:
+            try:
+                if HAS_FCNTL:
+                    # Unix: unlock and close
+                    fcntl.flock(self.lock_fd, fcntl.LOCK_UN)
+
+                os.close(self.lock_fd)
+
+                # Remove lock file (both Unix and Windows)
+                try:
+                    os.unlink(self.lock_file_path)
+                except FileNotFoundError:
+                    pass
+                logger.debug(f'Released lock for port {self.port}')
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.warning(f'Error releasing lock for port {self.port}: {e}')
+            finally:
+                self.lock_fd = None
+                self._locked = False
+
+    def __enter__(self) -> 'PortLock':
+        if not self.acquire():
+            raise OSError(f'Could not acquire lock for port {self.port}')
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb) -> None:
+        self.release()
+
+    @property
+    def is_locked(self) -> bool:
+        return self._locked
+
+
+def find_available_port_with_lock(
+    min_port: int = 30000,
+    max_port: int = 39999,
+    max_attempts: int = 20,
+    bind_address: str = '0.0.0.0',
+    lock_timeout: float = 1.0,
+) -> Optional[tuple[int, PortLock]]:
+    """Find an available port and acquire a lock for it.
+
+    This function combines file-based locking with port availability checking
+    to prevent race conditions in multi-process scenarios.
+
+    Args:
+        min_port: Minimum port number to try
+        max_port: Maximum port number to try
+        max_attempts: Maximum number of ports to try
+        bind_address: Address to bind to when checking availability
+        lock_timeout: Timeout for acquiring port lock
+
+    Returns:
+        Tuple of (port, lock) if successful, None otherwise
+    """
+    rng = random.SystemRandom()
+
+    # Try random ports first for better distribution
+    random_attempts = min(max_attempts // 2, 10)
+    for _ in range(random_attempts):
+        port = rng.randint(min_port, max_port)
+
+        # Try to acquire lock first
+        lock = PortLock(port)
+        if lock.acquire(timeout=lock_timeout):
+            # Check if port is actually available
+            if _check_port_available(port, bind_address):
+                logger.debug(f'Found and locked available port {port}')
+                return port, lock
+            else:
+                # Port is locked but not available (maybe in TIME_WAIT state)
+                lock.release()
+
+        # Small delay to reduce contention
+        time.sleep(0.001)
+
+    # If random attempts failed, try sequential search
+    remaining_attempts = max_attempts - random_attempts
+    start_port = rng.randint(min_port, max_port - remaining_attempts)
+
+    for i in range(remaining_attempts):
+        port = start_port + i
+        if port > max_port:
+            port = min_port + (port - max_port - 1)
+
+        # Try to acquire lock first
+        lock = PortLock(port)
+        if lock.acquire(timeout=lock_timeout):
+            # Check if port is actually available
+            if _check_port_available(port, bind_address):
+                logger.debug(f'Found and locked available port {port}')
+                return port, lock
+            else:
+                # Port is locked but not available
+                lock.release()
+
+        # Small delay to reduce contention
+        time.sleep(0.001)
+
+    logger.error(
+        f'Could not find and lock available port in range {min_port}-{max_port} after {max_attempts} attempts'
+    )
+    return None
+
+
+def _check_port_available(port: int, bind_address: str = '0.0.0.0') -> bool:
+    """Check if a port is available by trying to bind to it."""
+    try:
+        sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+        sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
+        sock.bind((bind_address, port))
+        sock.close()
+        return True
+    except OSError:
+        return False
+
+
+def cleanup_stale_locks(max_age_seconds: int = 300) -> int:
+    """Clean up stale lock files.
+
+    Args:
+        max_age_seconds: Maximum age of lock files before they're considered stale
+
+    Returns:
+        Number of lock files cleaned up
+    """
+    lock_dir = os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(), 'openhands_port_locks')
+    if not os.path.exists(lock_dir):
+        return 0
+
+    cleaned = 0
+    current_time = time.time()
+
+    try:
+        for filename in os.listdir(lock_dir):
+            if filename.startswith('port_') and filename.endswith('.lock'):
+                lock_path = os.path.join(lock_dir, filename)
+                try:
+                    # Check if lock file is old
+                    stat = os.stat(lock_path)
+                    if current_time - stat.st_mtime > max_age_seconds:
+                        # Try to remove stale lock
+                        os.unlink(lock_path)
+                        cleaned += 1
+                        logger.debug(f'Cleaned up stale lock file: {filename}')
+                except (OSError, FileNotFoundError):
+                    # File might have been removed by another process
+                    pass
+    except OSError:
+        # Directory might not exist or be accessible
+        pass
+
+    if cleaned > 0:
+        logger.info(f'Cleaned up {cleaned} stale port lock files')
+
+    return cleaned
diff --git a/tests/runtime/test_port_locking_fix.py b/tests/runtime/test_port_locking_fix.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2564d2f7bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/runtime/test_port_locking_fix.py
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+"""Test for port allocation race condition fix."""
+
+import time
+from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, as_completed
+
+from openhands.runtime.utils.port_lock import PortLock, find_available_port_with_lock
+
+
+class TestPortLockingFix:
+    """Test cases for port allocation race condition fix."""
+
+    def test_port_lock_prevents_duplicate_allocation(self):
+        """Test that port locking prevents duplicate port allocation."""
+        allocated_ports = []
+        port_locks = []
+
+        def allocate_port():
+            """Simulate port allocation by multiple workers."""
+            result = find_available_port_with_lock(
+                min_port=30000,
+                max_port=30010,  # Small range to force conflicts
+                max_attempts=5,
+                bind_address='0.0.0.0',
+                lock_timeout=2.0,
+            )
+
+            if result:
+                port, lock = result
+                allocated_ports.append(port)
+                port_locks.append(lock)
+                # Simulate some work time
+                time.sleep(0.1)
+                return port
+            return None
+
+        # Run multiple threads concurrently
+        num_workers = 8
+        with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=num_workers) as executor:
+            futures = [executor.submit(allocate_port) for _ in range(num_workers)]
+            results = [future.result() for future in as_completed(futures)]
+
+        # Filter out None results
+        successful_ports = [port for port in results if port is not None]
+
+        # Verify no duplicate ports were allocated
+        assert len(successful_ports) == len(set(successful_ports)), (
+            f'Duplicate ports allocated: {successful_ports}'
+        )
+
+        # Clean up locks
+        for lock in port_locks:
+            if lock:
+                lock.release()
+
+        print(
+            f'Successfully allocated {len(successful_ports)} unique ports: {successful_ports}'
+        )
+
+    def test_port_lock_basic_functionality(self):
+        """Test basic port lock functionality."""
+        port = 30001
+
+        # Test acquiring and releasing a lock
+        lock1 = PortLock(port)
+        assert lock1.acquire(timeout=1.0)
+        assert lock1.is_locked
+
+        # Test that another lock cannot acquire the same port
+        lock2 = PortLock(port)
+        assert not lock2.acquire(timeout=0.1)
+        assert not lock2.is_locked
+
+        # Release first lock
+        lock1.release()
+        assert not lock1.is_locked
+
+        # Now second lock should be able to acquire
+        assert lock2.acquire(timeout=1.0)
+        assert lock2.is_locked
+
+        lock2.release()
+
+    def test_port_lock_context_manager(self):
+        """Test port lock context manager functionality."""
+        port = 30002
+
+        # Test successful context manager usage
+        with PortLock(port) as lock:
+            assert lock.is_locked
+
+            # Test that another lock cannot acquire while in context
+            lock2 = PortLock(port)
+            assert not lock2.acquire(timeout=0.1)
+
+        # After context, lock should be released
+        assert not lock.is_locked
+
+        # Now another lock should be able to acquire
+        lock3 = PortLock(port)
+        assert lock3.acquire(timeout=1.0)
+        lock3.release()
+
+    def test_concurrent_port_allocation_stress_test(self):
+        """Stress test concurrent port allocation."""
+        allocated_ports = []
+        port_locks = []
+        errors = []
+
+        def worker_allocate_port(worker_id):
+            """Worker function that allocates a port."""
+            try:
+                result = find_available_port_with_lock(
+                    min_port=31000,
+                    max_port=31020,  # Small range to force contention
+                    max_attempts=10,
+                    bind_address='0.0.0.0',
+                    lock_timeout=3.0,
+                )
+
+                if result:
+                    port, lock = result
+                    allocated_ports.append((worker_id, port))
+                    port_locks.append(lock)
+                    # Simulate work
+                    time.sleep(0.05)
+                    return port
+                else:
+                    errors.append(f'Worker {worker_id}: No port available')
+                    return None
+
+            except Exception as e:
+                errors.append(f'Worker {worker_id}: {str(e)}')
+                return None
+
+        # Run many workers concurrently
+        num_workers = 15
+        with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=num_workers) as executor:
+            futures = {
+                executor.submit(worker_allocate_port, i): i for i in range(num_workers)
+            }
+            results = {}
+            for future in as_completed(futures):
+                worker_id = futures[future]
+                try:
+                    result = future.result()
+                    results[worker_id] = result
+                except Exception as e:
+                    errors.append(f'Worker {worker_id} exception: {str(e)}')
+
+        # Analyze results
+        successful_allocations = [
+            (wid, port) for wid, port in allocated_ports if port is not None
+        ]
+        allocated_port_numbers = [port for _, port in successful_allocations]
+
+        print(f'Successful allocations: {len(successful_allocations)}')
+        print(f'Allocated ports: {allocated_port_numbers}')
+        print(f'Errors: {len(errors)}')
+        if errors:
+            print(f'Error details: {errors[:5]}')  # Show first 5 errors
+
+        # Verify no duplicate ports
+        unique_ports = set(allocated_port_numbers)
+        assert len(allocated_port_numbers) == len(unique_ports), (
+            f'Duplicate ports found: {allocated_port_numbers}'
+        )
+
+        # Clean up locks
+        for lock in port_locks:
+            if lock:
+                lock.release()
+
+    def test_port_allocation_without_locking_shows_race_condition(self):
+        """Test that demonstrates race condition without locking."""
+        from openhands.runtime.utils import find_available_tcp_port
+
+        allocated_ports = []
+
+        def allocate_port_without_lock():
+            """Simulate port allocation without locking (old method)."""
+            # This simulates the old behavior that had race conditions
+            port = find_available_tcp_port(32000, 32010)
+            allocated_ports.append(port)
+            # Small delay to increase chance of race condition
+            time.sleep(0.01)
+            return port
+
+        # Run multiple threads concurrently
+        num_workers = 10
+        with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=num_workers) as executor:
+            futures = [
+                executor.submit(allocate_port_without_lock) for _ in range(num_workers)
+            ]
+            results = [future.result() for future in as_completed(futures)]
+
+        # Check if we got duplicate ports (race condition)
+        unique_ports = set(results)
+        duplicates_found = len(results) != len(unique_ports)
+
+        print(
+            f'Without locking - Total ports: {len(results)}, Unique: {len(unique_ports)}'
+        )
+        print(f'Ports allocated: {results}')
+        print(f'Race condition detected: {duplicates_found}')
+
+        # This test demonstrates the problem exists without locking
+        # In a real race condition scenario, we might get duplicates
+        # But since the race window is small, we'll just verify the test runs
+        assert len(results) == num_workers
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    test = TestPortLockingFix()
+    test.test_port_lock_prevents_duplicate_allocation()
+    test.test_port_lock_basic_functionality()
+    test.test_port_lock_context_manager()
+    test.test_concurrent_port_allocation_stress_test()
+    test.test_port_allocation_without_locking_shows_race_condition()
+    print('All tests passed!')