refactor: re-organize different runtime implementations into an impl folder (#4346)

Co-authored-by: Graham Neubig <neubig@gmail.com>

docs/modules/usage/architecture/runtime.md

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ The OpenHands Runtime system uses a client-server architecture implemented with
 graph TD
     A[User-provided Custom Docker Image] --> B[OpenHands Backend]
     B -->|Builds| C[OH Runtime Image]
-    C -->|Launches| D[Runtime Client]
+    C -->|Launches| D[Action Executor]
     D -->|Initializes| E[Browser]
     D -->|Initializes| F[Bash Shell]
     D -->|Initializes| G[Plugins]
@@ -49,10 +49,10 @@ graph TD
 1. User Input: The user provides a custom base Docker image
 2. Image Building: OpenHands builds a new Docker image (the "OH runtime image") based on the user-provided image. This new image includes OpenHands-specific code, primarily the "runtime client"
 3. Container Launch: When OpenHands starts, it launches a Docker container using the OH runtime image
-4. Client Initialization: The runtime client initializes inside the container, setting up necessary components like a bash shell and loading any specified plugins
-5. Communication: The OpenHands backend (`runtime.py`) communicates with the runtime client over RESTful API, sending actions and receiving observations
+4. Action Execution Server Initialization: The action execution server initializes an `ActionExecutor` inside the container, setting up necessary components like a bash shell and loading any specified plugins
+5. Communication: The OpenHands backend (`openhands/runtime/impl/eventstream/eventstream_runtime.py`) communicates with the action execution server over RESTful API, sending actions and receiving observations
 6. Action Execution: The runtime client receives actions from the backend, executes them in the sandboxed environment, and sends back observations
-7. Observation Return: The client sends execution results back to the OpenHands backend as observations
+7. Observation Return: The action execution server sends execution results back to the OpenHands backend as observations
 
 
 The role of the client:

evaluation/agent_bench/run_infer.py

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ from openhands.core.logger import openhands_logger as logger
 from openhands.core.main import create_runtime, run_controller
 from openhands.events.action import AgentFinishAction, CmdRunAction, MessageAction
 from openhands.events.observation import CmdOutputObservation
-from openhands.runtime.runtime import Runtime
+from openhands.runtime.base import Runtime
 
 
 def get_config(

evaluation/aider_bench/run_infer.py

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ from openhands.core.logger import openhands_logger as logger
 from openhands.core.main import create_runtime, run_controller
 from openhands.events.action import CmdRunAction, MessageAction
 from openhands.events.observation import CmdOutputObservation
-from openhands.runtime.runtime import Runtime
+from openhands.runtime.base import Runtime
 
 # Configure visibility of unit tests to the Agent.
 USE_UNIT_TESTS = os.environ.get('USE_UNIT_TESTS', 'false').lower() == 'true'

evaluation/biocoder/run_infer.py

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ from openhands.core.logger import openhands_logger as logger
 from openhands.core.main import create_runtime, run_controller
 from openhands.events.action import CmdRunAction, MessageAction
 from openhands.events.observation import CmdOutputObservation
-from openhands.runtime.runtime import Runtime
+from openhands.runtime.base import Runtime
 
 AGENT_CLS_TO_FAKE_USER_RESPONSE_FN = {
     'CodeActAgent': functools.partial(

evaluation/bird/run_infer.py

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ from openhands.core.logger import openhands_logger as logger
 from openhands.core.main import create_runtime, run_controller
 from openhands.events.action import CmdRunAction, MessageAction
 from openhands.events.observation import CmdOutputObservation
-from openhands.runtime.runtime import Runtime
+from openhands.runtime.base import Runtime
 
 
 def codeact_user_response(state: State) -> str:

evaluation/gaia/run_infer.py

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ from openhands.core.logger import openhands_logger as logger
 from openhands.core.main import create_runtime, run_controller
 from openhands.events.action import AgentFinishAction, CmdRunAction, MessageAction
 from openhands.events.observation import CmdOutputObservation
-from openhands.runtime.runtime import Runtime
+from openhands.runtime.base import Runtime
 
 DATASET_CACHE_DIR = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'data')
 

evaluation/humanevalfix/run_infer.py

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ from openhands.core.logger import openhands_logger as logger
 from openhands.core.main import create_runtime, run_controller
 from openhands.events.action import CmdRunAction, MessageAction
 from openhands.events.observation import CmdOutputObservation
-from openhands.runtime.runtime import Runtime
+from openhands.runtime.base import Runtime
 
 IMPORT_HELPER = {
     'python': [

evaluation/integration_tests/run_infer.py

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ from openhands.core.config import (
 from openhands.core.logger import openhands_logger as logger
 from openhands.core.main import create_runtime, run_controller
 from openhands.events.action import MessageAction
-from openhands.runtime.runtime import Runtime
+from openhands.runtime.base import Runtime
 
 FAKE_RESPONSES = {
     'CodeActAgent': codeact_user_response,

evaluation/integration_tests/tests/base.py

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 
 from openhands.events.event import Event
-from openhands.runtime.runtime import Runtime
+from openhands.runtime.base import Runtime
 
 
 class TestResult(BaseModel):

evaluation/integration_tests/tests/t01_fix_simple_typo.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import tempfile
 from evaluation.integration_tests.tests.base import BaseIntegrationTest, TestResult
 from openhands.events.action import CmdRunAction
 from openhands.events.event import Event
-from openhands.runtime.runtime import Runtime
+from openhands.runtime.base import Runtime
 
 
 class Test(BaseIntegrationTest):

evaluation/integration_tests/tests/t02_add_bash_hello.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ from evaluation.integration_tests.tests.base import BaseIntegrationTest, TestRes
 from evaluation.utils.shared import assert_and_raise
 from openhands.events.action import CmdRunAction
 from openhands.events.event import Event
-from openhands.runtime.runtime import Runtime
+from openhands.runtime.base import Runtime
 
 
 class Test(BaseIntegrationTest):

evaluation/integration_tests/tests/t03_jupyter_write_file.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ from evaluation.integration_tests.tests.base import BaseIntegrationTest, TestRes
 from evaluation.utils.shared import assert_and_raise
 from openhands.events.action import CmdRunAction
 from openhands.events.event import Event
-from openhands.runtime.runtime import Runtime
+from openhands.runtime.base import Runtime
 
 
 class Test(BaseIntegrationTest):

evaluation/integration_tests/tests/t04_git_staging.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ from evaluation.integration_tests.tests.base import BaseIntegrationTest, TestRes
 from evaluation.utils.shared import assert_and_raise
 from openhands.events.action import CmdRunAction
 from openhands.events.event import Event
-from openhands.runtime.runtime import Runtime
+from openhands.runtime.base import Runtime
 
 
 class Test(BaseIntegrationTest):

evaluation/integration_tests/tests/t05_simple_browsing.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from evaluation.utils.shared import assert_and_raise
 from openhands.events.action import AgentFinishAction, CmdRunAction, MessageAction
 from openhands.events.event import Event
 from openhands.events.observation import AgentDelegateObservation
-from openhands.runtime.runtime import Runtime
+from openhands.runtime.base import Runtime
 
 HTML_FILE = """
 <!DOCTYPE html>

evaluation/logic_reasoning/run_infer.py

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ from openhands.events.action import (
     MessageAction,
 )
 from openhands.events.observation import CmdOutputObservation
-from openhands.runtime.runtime import Runtime
+from openhands.runtime.base import Runtime
 
 AGENT_CLS_TO_FAKE_USER_RESPONSE_FN = {
     'CodeActAgent': codeact_user_response,

evaluation/miniwob/run_infer.py

@@ -30,11 +30,11 @@ from openhands.events.action import (
     MessageAction,
 )
 from openhands.events.observation import CmdOutputObservation
+from openhands.runtime.base import Runtime
 from openhands.runtime.browser.browser_env import (
     BROWSER_EVAL_GET_GOAL_ACTION,
     BROWSER_EVAL_GET_REWARDS_ACTION,
 )
-from openhands.runtime.runtime import Runtime
 
 SUPPORTED_AGENT_CLS = {'BrowsingAgent'}
 

evaluation/mint/run_infer.py

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ from openhands.events.action import (
     MessageAction,
 )
 from openhands.events.observation import CmdOutputObservation
-from openhands.runtime.runtime import Runtime
+from openhands.runtime.base import Runtime
 
 
 def codeact_user_response_mint(state: State, task: Task, task_config: dict[str, int]):

evaluation/ml_bench/run_infer.py

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ from openhands.core.logger import openhands_logger as logger
 from openhands.core.main import create_runtime, run_controller
 from openhands.events.action import CmdRunAction, MessageAction
 from openhands.events.observation import CmdOutputObservation
-from openhands.runtime.runtime import Runtime
+from openhands.runtime.base import Runtime
 
 config = load_app_config()
 

evaluation/swe_bench/run_infer.py

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ from openhands.core.main import create_runtime, run_controller
 from openhands.events.action import CmdRunAction, MessageAction
 from openhands.events.observation import CmdOutputObservation, ErrorObservation
 from openhands.events.serialization.event import event_to_dict
-from openhands.runtime.runtime import Runtime
+from openhands.runtime.base import Runtime
 from openhands.runtime.utils.shutdown_listener import sleep_if_should_continue
 
 USE_HINT_TEXT = os.environ.get('USE_HINT_TEXT', 'false').lower() == 'true'

evaluation/toolqa/run_infer.py

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ from openhands.core.logger import openhands_logger as logger
 from openhands.core.main import create_runtime, run_controller
 from openhands.events.action import CmdRunAction, MessageAction
 from openhands.events.observation import CmdOutputObservation
-from openhands.runtime.runtime import Runtime
+from openhands.runtime.base import Runtime
 
 AGENT_CLS_TO_FAKE_USER_RESPONSE_FN = {
     'CodeActAgent': codeact_user_response,

evaluation/webarena/run_infer.py

@@ -30,11 +30,11 @@ from openhands.events.action import (
     MessageAction,
 )
 from openhands.events.observation import CmdOutputObservation
+from openhands.runtime.base import Runtime
 from openhands.runtime.browser.browser_env import (
     BROWSER_EVAL_GET_GOAL_ACTION,
     BROWSER_EVAL_GET_REWARDS_ACTION,
 )
-from openhands.runtime.runtime import Runtime
 
 SUPPORTED_AGENT_CLS = {'BrowsingAgent'}
 

openhands/core/cli.py

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ from openhands.events.observation import (
 )
 from openhands.llm.llm import LLM
 from openhands.runtime import get_runtime_cls
-from openhands.runtime.runtime import Runtime
+from openhands.runtime.base import Runtime
 from openhands.storage import get_file_store
 
 

openhands/core/main.py

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ from openhands.events.observation import AgentStateChangedObservation
 from openhands.events.serialization.event import event_to_trajectory
 from openhands.llm.llm import LLM
 from openhands.runtime import get_runtime_cls
-from openhands.runtime.runtime import Runtime
+from openhands.runtime.base import Runtime
 from openhands.storage import get_file_store
 
 

openhands/runtime/README.md

@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ You can learn more about how the runtime works in the [EventStream Runtime](http
 
 ## Main Components
 
-### 1. runtime.py
+### 1. impl/*runtime.py
 
-The `runtime.py` file defines the `Runtime` class, which serves as the primary interface for agent interactions with the external environment. It handles various operations including:
+The `impl/*runtime.py` file defines the `Runtime` class, which serves as the primary [interface](./base.py) for agent interactions with the external environment. It handles various operations including:
 
 - Bash sandbox execution
 - Browser interactions
@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@ Key features of the `Runtime` class:
 - Action execution methods for different types of actions (run, read, write, browse, etc.)
 - Abstract methods for file operations (to be implemented by subclasses)
 
-### 2. client/client.py
+### 2. action_execution_server.py
 
-The `client.py` file contains the `RuntimeClient` class, which is responsible for executing actions received from the OpenHands backend and producing observations. This client runs inside a Docker sandbox.
+The `action_executor_server.py` file contains the `ActionExecutor` class, which is responsible for executing actions received from the OpenHands backend and producing observations. This client runs inside a Docker sandbox.
 
-Key features of the `RuntimeClient` class:
+Key features of the `ActionExecutor` class:
 - Initialization of user environment and bash shell
 - Plugin management and initialization
 - Execution of various action types (bash commands, IPython cells, file operations, browsing)
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ Key features of the `RuntimeClient` class:
    - Plugins like Jupyter and AgentSkills are initialized and integrated into the runtime.
 
 6. **Sandbox Environment**:
-   - The `RuntimeClient` sets up a sandboxed environment inside a Docker container.
+   - The `ActionExecutor` sets up a sandboxed environment inside a Docker container.
    - User environment and bash shell are initialized.
    - Actions received from the OpenHands backend are executed in this sandboxed environment.
 
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ This is the default runtime used within OpenHands.
 
 The Remote Runtime is designed for execution in a remote environment:
 
-- Connects to a remote server running the RuntimeClient
+- Connects to a remote server running the ActionExecutor
 - Executes actions by sending requests to the remote client
 - Supports distributed execution and cloud-based deployments
 - Ideal for production environments, scalability, and scenarios where local resource constraints are a concern

openhands/runtime/__init__.py

@@ -1,24 +1,26 @@
 from openhands.core.logger import openhands_logger as logger
-from openhands.runtime.e2b.sandbox import E2BBox
+from openhands.runtime.impl.e2b.sandbox import E2BBox
 
 
 def get_runtime_cls(name: str):
     # Local imports to avoid circular imports
     if name == 'eventstream':
-        from openhands.runtime.client.runtime import EventStreamRuntime
+        from openhands.runtime.impl.eventstream.eventstream_runtime import (
+            EventStreamRuntime,
+        )
 
         return EventStreamRuntime
     elif name == 'e2b':
-        from openhands.runtime.e2b.runtime import E2BRuntime
+        from openhands.runtime.impl.e2b.e2b_runtime import E2BRuntime
 
         return E2BRuntime
     elif name == 'remote':
-        from openhands.runtime.remote.runtime import RemoteRuntime
+        from openhands.runtime.impl.remote.remote_runtime import RemoteRuntime
 
         return RemoteRuntime
     elif name == 'modal':
         logger.info('Using ModalRuntime')
-        from openhands.runtime.modal.runtime import ModalRuntime
+        from openhands.runtime.impl.modal.modal_runtime import ModalRuntime
 
         return ModalRuntime
     else:

openhands/runtime/action_execution_server.py

@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ def verify_api_key(api_key: str = Depends(api_key_header)):
     return api_key
 
 
-class RuntimeClient:
-    """RuntimeClient is running inside docker sandbox.
+class ActionExecutor:
+    """ActionExecutor is running inside docker sandbox.
     It is responsible for executing actions received from OpenHands backend and producing observations.
     """
 
@@ -629,12 +629,12 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
                 raise ValueError(f'Plugin {plugin} not found')
             plugins_to_load.append(ALL_PLUGINS[plugin]())  # type: ignore
 
-    client: RuntimeClient | None = None
+    client: ActionExecutor | None = None
 
     @asynccontextmanager
     async def lifespan(app: FastAPI):
         global client
-        client = RuntimeClient(
+        client = ActionExecutor(
             plugins_to_load,
             work_dir=args.working_dir,
             username=args.username,

openhands/runtime/impl/e2b/e2b_runtime.py

@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ from openhands.events.observation import (
     Observation,
 )
 from openhands.events.stream import EventStream
-from openhands.runtime.e2b.filestore import E2BFileStore
-from openhands.runtime.e2b.sandbox import E2BSandbox
+from openhands.runtime.base import Runtime
+from openhands.runtime.impl.e2b.filestore import E2BFileStore
+from openhands.runtime.impl.e2b.sandbox import E2BSandbox
 from openhands.runtime.plugins import PluginRequirement
-from openhands.runtime.runtime import Runtime
 from openhands.runtime.utils.files import insert_lines, read_lines
 
 

openhands/runtime/impl/e2b/sandbox.py

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ from e2b import Sandbox as E2BSandbox
 from e2b.sandbox.exception import (
     TimeoutException,
 )
-
 from openhands.core.config import SandboxConfig
 from openhands.core.logger import openhands_logger as logger
 

openhands/runtime/impl/eventstream/eventstream_runtime.py

@@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ from openhands.events.observation import (
 )
 from openhands.events.serialization import event_to_dict, observation_from_dict
 from openhands.events.serialization.action import ACTION_TYPE_TO_CLASS
+from openhands.runtime.base import Runtime
 from openhands.runtime.builder import DockerRuntimeBuilder
 from openhands.runtime.plugins import PluginRequirement
-from openhands.runtime.runtime import Runtime
 from openhands.runtime.utils import find_available_tcp_port
 from openhands.runtime.utils.request import send_request_with_retry
 from openhands.runtime.utils.runtime_build import build_runtime_image
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ class EventStreamRuntime(Runtime):
                 command=(
                     f'/openhands/micromamba/bin/micromamba run -n openhands '
                     f'poetry run '
-                    f'python -u -m openhands.runtime.client.client {self._container_port} '
+                    f'python -u -m openhands.runtime.action_execution_server {self._container_port} '
                     f'--working-dir "{sandbox_workspace_dir}" '
                     f'{plugin_arg}'
                     f'--username {"openhands" if self.config.run_as_openhands else "root"} '

openhands/runtime/impl/remote/remote_runtime.py

@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ from openhands.events.observation import (
 )
 from openhands.events.serialization import event_to_dict, observation_from_dict
 from openhands.events.serialization.action import ACTION_TYPE_TO_CLASS
+from openhands.runtime.base import Runtime
 from openhands.runtime.builder.remote import RemoteRuntimeBuilder
 from openhands.runtime.plugins import PluginRequirement
-from openhands.runtime.runtime import Runtime
 from openhands.runtime.utils.request import (
     is_404_error,
     is_503_error,
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ class RemoteRuntime(Runtime):
             'command': (
                 f'/openhands/micromamba/bin/micromamba run -n openhands '
                 'poetry run '
-                f'python -u -m openhands.runtime.client.client {self.port} '
+                f'python -u -m openhands.runtime.action_execution_server {self.port} '
                 f'--working-dir {self.config.workspace_mount_path_in_sandbox} '
                 f'{plugin_arg}'
                 f'--username {"openhands" if self.config.run_as_openhands else "root"} '

openhands/server/listen.py

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ from openhands.events.observation import (
 )
 from openhands.events.serialization import event_to_dict
 from openhands.llm import bedrock
-from openhands.runtime.runtime import Runtime
+from openhands.runtime.base import Runtime
 from openhands.server.auth import get_sid_from_token, sign_token
 from openhands.server.session import SessionManager
 

openhands/server/session/agent_session.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ from openhands.events.action.agent import ChangeAgentStateAction
 from openhands.events.event import EventSource
 from openhands.events.stream import EventStream
 from openhands.runtime import get_runtime_cls
-from openhands.runtime.runtime import Runtime
+from openhands.runtime.base import Runtime
 from openhands.security import SecurityAnalyzer, options
 from openhands.storage.files import FileStore
 from openhands.utils.async_utils import call_sync_from_async

openhands/server/session/conversation.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from openhands.core.config import AppConfig
 from openhands.events.stream import EventStream
 from openhands.runtime import get_runtime_cls
-from openhands.runtime.runtime import Runtime
+from openhands.runtime.base import Runtime
 from openhands.security import SecurityAnalyzer, options
 from openhands.storage.files import FileStore
 

tests/runtime/conftest.py

@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ from pytest import TempPathFactory
 from openhands.core.config import load_app_config
 from openhands.core.logger import openhands_logger as logger
 from openhands.events import EventStream
-from openhands.runtime.client.runtime import EventStreamRuntime
+from openhands.runtime.base import Runtime
+from openhands.runtime.impl.eventstream.eventstream_runtime import EventStreamRuntime
+from openhands.runtime.impl.remote.remote_runtime import RemoteRuntime
 from openhands.runtime.plugins import AgentSkillsRequirement, JupyterRequirement
-from openhands.runtime.remote.runtime import RemoteRuntime
-from openhands.runtime.runtime import Runtime
 from openhands.storage import get_file_store
 
 TEST_IN_CI = os.getenv('TEST_IN_CI', 'False').lower() in ['true', '1', 'yes']

tests/runtime/test_bash.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-"""Bash-related tests for the EventStreamRuntime, which connects to the RuntimeClient running in the sandbox."""
+"""Bash-related tests for the EventStreamRuntime, which connects to the ActionExecutor running in the sandbox."""
 
 import os
 
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ from conftest import (
 from openhands.core.logger import openhands_logger as logger
 from openhands.events.action import CmdRunAction
 from openhands.events.observation import CmdOutputObservation
-from openhands.runtime.runtime import Runtime
+from openhands.runtime.base import Runtime
 
 # ============================================================================================================================
 # Bash-specific tests

tests/runtime/test_browsing.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-"""Browsing-related tests for the EventStreamRuntime, which connects to the RuntimeClient running in the sandbox."""
+"""Browsing-related tests for the EventStreamRuntime, which connects to the ActionExecutor running in the sandbox."""
 
 import json
 

tests/runtime/test_env_vars.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-"""Env vars related tests for the EventStreamRuntime, which connects to the RuntimeClient running in the sandbox."""
+"""Env vars related tests for the EventStreamRuntime, which connects to the ActionExecutor running in the sandbox."""
 
 import os
 from unittest.mock import patch

tests/runtime/test_images.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-"""Image-related tests for the EventStreamRuntime, which connects to the RuntimeClient running in the sandbox."""
+"""Image-related tests for the EventStreamRuntime, which connects to the ActionExecutor running in the sandbox."""
 
 import pytest
 from conftest import _close_test_runtime, _load_runtime

tests/runtime/test_ipython.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-"""Test the EventStreamRuntime, which connects to the RuntimeClient running in the sandbox."""
+"""Test the EventStreamRuntime, which connects to the ActionExecutor running in the sandbox."""
 
 import pytest
 from conftest import (